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The Dewan Negara (Malay for ''Senate'', literally ''National Council'') is the upper house of the Parliament of Malaysia, consisting of 70 senators of whom 26 are elected by the state legislative assemblies, with two senators for each state, while the other 44 are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King), including four of whom are appointed to represent the federal territories. The ''Dewan Negara'' usually reviews legislation that has been passed by the lower house, the ''Dewan Rakyat''. All bills must usually be passed by both the ''Dewan Rakyat'' and the ''Dewan Negara'' (the Senate), before they are sent to the King for royal assent. However, if the ''Dewan Negara'' rejects a bill, it can only delay the bill's passage by a maximum of a year before it is sent to the King. Like the ''Dewan Rakyat'', the ''Dewan Negara'' meets at the Malaysian Houses of Parliament in Kuala Lumpur. Originally, the Dewan Negara was meant to act as a check on the Dewan Rakyat and represent the interests of the various states. However, the original constitution, which provided for a majority of state-elected senators, has since been modified to make senators appointed by the King the majority. ==Membership== Members of the Dewan Negara are referred to as "Senators" or "''Ahli Dewan Negara''" (literally "member of the Dewan Negara") in Malay. The term of office is 3 years and senators may only be re-appointed once, consecutively or non-consecutively. Each of the 13 state legislative assemblies chooses two senators. The King appoints two senators for the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, and one respectively for the Federal Territories of Labuan and Putrajaya on the advice of the Prime Minister. Another 40 senators, regardless of their states, are appointed by the King, also on the Prime Minister's advice.〔Shuid, Mahdi & Yunus, Mohd. Fauzi (2001). ''Malaysian Studies'', p. 33. Longman. ISBN 983-74-2024-3.〕 Federally appointed senators must have "rendered distinguished public service or have achieved distinction in the professions, commerce, industry, agriculture, cultural activities or social service or are representative of racial minorities or are capable of representing the interests of aborigines (Orang Asli)".〔Henderson, John William, Vreeland, Nena, Dana, Glenn B., Hurwitz, Geoffrey B., Just, Peter, Moeller, Philip W. & Shinn, R.S. (1977). ''Area Handbook for Malaysia'', p. 217. American University, Washington D.C., Foreign Area Studies. LCCN 771294.〕 The intent of the original Constitution of Malaysia, which provided for only 16 Senators to be appointed by the King (thus placing them in the minority) was to give the states some say over federal policy. However, subsequent amendments have, according to former Lord President of the Federal Court Tun Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim, acted "contrary to the spirit of the original constitution which established the Dewan Negara specially as a body to protect in the federal Parliament, state interests against federal encroachments".〔Wu, Min Aun & Hickling, R. H. (2003). ''Hickling's Malaysian Public Law'', pp. 26–27. Petaling Jaya: Pearson Malaysia. ISBN 983-74-2518-0.〕 To qualify, a candidate must be a Malaysian citizen at least 30 years of age, residing in the Federation, must not owe allegiance to any foreign state, must not have received a prison sentence of one year or longer, and must not have been fined RM2,000 or more. Holders of a full-time profit-making position in the public service are also ineligible. There is no requirement to belong to a political party. Parliament is permitted to increase the number of Senators to three per state, reduce the number of appointed Senators, or abolish the post of appointed Senator altogether. The process of appointment is set out by Article 45 of the Constitution.〔 The Constitution provides for direct election of the 26 Senators from the states, but this clause does not take effect until Parliament passes a resolution bringing it into effect; as of 2010, the Senators remain indirectly elected.〔Rachagan, S. Sothi (1993). ''Law and the Electoral Process in Malaysia'', p. 8. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. ISBN 967-9940-45-4.〕 Senators can be appointed to ministerial posts in the Cabinet by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister. However, the Dewan Negara never supplies the Prime Minister, as the Prime Minister must be a member of the Dewan Rakyat. The Dewan Negara is not affected by the elections for the Dewan Rakyat, and senators continue to hold office despite the Dewan Rakyat's dissolution for an election.〔 The Dewan Negara elects a President to preside over sittings of the Dewan Negara, ensure observance of the rules of the house, and interpret the Standing Orders of the house should they be disputed.〔("President" ). Retrieved 15 February 2006.〕 Should the President be absent, his Deputy takes his place.〔("Deputy President" ). Retrieved 15 February 2006.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dewan Negara」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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